Irrelevant elements of the standard MLA format are omitted.
The location field refers to items like page numbers, DOIs, or URLs. You do not need to include the location of the publisher.
In MLA, how you consulted the work (print, online pdf, online html) will affect the citation.
Book citations generally are self-contained, but digital books may have a database container.
Provide DOIs or URLs when available for digital books. DOIs are preferable to URLs and permalink URLs are preferable to non-permalink URLs. The protocol (http:// or https://) should be included with DOIs, but can be removed for other URLs.
MLA defines e-books narrowly to books without a URL and read with software on a personal device (such as a Kindle, Nook, etc.). This means that, for MLA, all e-books are digital books but not all digital books are e-books.
|
1
Author. |
Black, Beth Perry. |
|
2
Title of Source. |
Professional Nursing: Concepts and Challenges. |
Container
|
3
Title of Container, |
|
4
Contributor, |
|
5
Version, |
7th ed., |
|
6
Number, |
|
7
Publisher, |
Elsevier, |
|
8
Publication Date, |
2014. |
|
9
Location. |
Black, Beth Perry. Professional Nursing: Concepts & Challenges. 7th ed., Elsevier, 2014.
Parenthetical citation: (Black 280–282).
Prose citation: According to Beth Black . . . (280–282).
Held, Julius S., and Donald Posner. 17th and 18th Century Art: Baroque Painting, Sculpture, Architecture. H. N. Abrams, 1971.
Parenthetical citation: (Held and Posner 337).
Prose citation: As noted by Julius Held and Donald Posner . . . (337).
For works with three or more authors, list the first author followed by et al. in the works cited. In the in-text citations, use et al. for parenthetical citations, but "and others" or "and colleagues" for prose citations.
Kotler, Philip, et al. Good Works!: Marketing and Corporate Initiatives that Build a Better World ... and the Bottom Line. Wiley, 2012.
Parenthetical citation: (Kotler et al., 154–160).
Prose citation: According to Philip Kotler and colleagues . . . (154–160).
Lane, Eric, and Nina Shengold, editors. The Actor's Book of Scenes from New Plays. Penguin Books, 1988.
Parenthetical citation: (Lane and Shengold).
Prose citation: Scene collections, such as that of Eric Lane and Nina Shengold, . . .
MLA defines e-books as "a digital book that lacks a URL and that you use software to read on a personal device."
Treat e-book as an edition element, which could be combined with other edition elements (e.g. 8th ed., e-book ed.).
If a book is available in multiple formats that may affect its display and pagination, the format used can be included as a final supplemental element.
Dutton, George E. A Vietnamese Moses: Philiphê Bỉnh and the Geographies of Early Modern Catholicism. e-book ed. University of California Press, 2017. DOAB, http://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.22. Mobi.
Crosby, John. The Personalism of John Henry Newman. e-book ed. Catholic University of America Press, 2014. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com. EPUB.
Parenthetical citation: (Dutton 23; Crosby 111). OR (Dutton 23) . . . (Crosby 111).
Prose citation: George Dutton argued . . . (23) and John Crosby suggests . . . (111). OR George Dutton argued . . . and John Crosby suggests . . . (23; 111).